okhttp3.Request类
public final class Request{ //请求地址 private final HttpUrl url; //请求方法 private final String method; //请求头 private final Headers headers; //请求体 private final RequestBody body; //用来取消http请求的标志 private final Object tag; //...针对当前不是所有的浏览器都支持http/2的情况,HTTP/1.1 引入了Upgrade 机制:, 就是先问下你支持http/2么? 如果你支持,那么接下来我就用http/2和你聊天;如果你不支持,那么我还是用原来的http/1.1和你聊天。 (1)客户端在请求头部中指定Connection和Upgrade两个字段发起 HTTP/1.1 协议升级,HTTP/2 的协议名称是 h2c,代表 HTTP/2 ClearText:
GET /HTTP/1.1 Host:example.com Connection:Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings Upgrade:h2c HTTP2-Settings:<base64url encoding of HTTP/2 SETTING payload>(2)如果服务端不同意升级或者不支持 Upgrade 所列出的协议,直接忽略即可(当成 HTTP/1.1 请求,以 HTTP/1.1 响应)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: 243 Content-Type: text/html ...如果服务端同意升级,那么需要这样响应:
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols Connection: Upgrade Upgrade: h2c [ HTTP/2 connection ... ]HTTP Upgrade 响应的状态码是 101,并且响应正文可以使用新协议定义的数据格式。 这样就可以完成从http/1.1升级到http/2了,同样也可以从http/1.1升级到WebSocket。 这样,你就了解了为什么OkHttp没有指定具体请求协议了吧,因为OkHttp使用了请求协议的协商升级,无论是1.1还是2,都先只以1.1来发送,并在发送的信息头里包含协议升级字段,接下来就看服务器是否支持协议升级了,OkHttp使用的协议升级字段是ALPN。
我们看下在内存中,这个请求是什么样子的,是否如我们上文所说和请求方法、请求地址、请求头、请求体一一对应。
我们看下一个http响应由哪些部分组成,先看下响应组成图: 可以看到大体由应答首行、应答头、应答体构成。但是应答首行表达的信息过多,HTTP/1.1表示访问协议,200是响应码,OK是描述状态的消息。根据单一职责,我们不应该把这么多内容用一个应答首行来表示,这样的话,我们的响应就应该由访问协议、响应码、描述信息、响应头、响应体来组成。
有了刚才说的OkHttp响应的类组成,我们看下OkHttp请求后响应在内存中的内容:
final Request request = new Request.Builder().url("https://github.com/").build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();同步GET的意思是一直等待http请求,直到返回了响应,在这之间会阻塞进程,所以通过get不能在Android的主线程中执行,否则会报错。
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt") .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); Headers responseHeaders = response.headers(); for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) { System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i)); } System.out.println(response.body().string()); }OkHttpClient实现了Call.Factory接口,是Call的工厂类,Call负责发送执行请求和读取响应。 Request代表Http请求,通过Request.Builder辅助类来构建。 lient.newCall(request)通过传入一个http request,返回一个Call调用,然后执行execute()方法,同步获得Response。 Response代表Http请求的响应,response.body()是ResponseBody类,代表响应体,可以通过responseBody.string()获得字符串的表达形式,或responseBody.bytes()获得字节数组的表达形式,这两种形式都会把文档加入到内存,也可以通过responseBody.charStream()和responseBody.byteStream()返回流来处理。 上述代码完成的功能是下载一个文件,打印他的响应头,以string形式打印响应体。响应体的string()方法对于小文档来说十分方便高效,但是如果响应体太大(超过1MB),应避免使用 string()方法,因为它会将把整个文档加载到内存中。对于超过1MB的响应body,应使用流的方式来处理响应body,这和我们处理xml文档的逻辑是一致的,小文件可以载入内存树状解析,大文件就必须流式解析。
异步GET是指在另外的工作线程中执行http请求,请求时不会阻塞当前的线程,所以可以在Android主线程中使用。 下面是在一个工作线程中下载文件,当响应可读时回调Callback接口。当响应头准备好后,就会调用Callback接口,所以读取响应体时可能会阻塞。OkHttp现阶段不提供异步api来接收响应体。
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt") .build(); client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() { @Override public void onFailure(Request request,Throwable throwable) { throwable.printStackTrace(); } @Override public void onResponse(Response response) throws IOException { if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); Headers responseHeaders = response.headers(); for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) { System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i)); } System.out.println(response.body().string()); } }); }下面是使用HTTP POST提交请求到服务。这个例子提交了一个markdown文档到web服务,以HTML方式渲染markdown。因为整个请求体都在内存中,因此避免使用此api提交大文档(大于1MB)。
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8"); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { String postBody = "" + "Releases\n" + "--------\n" + "\n" + " * _1.0_ May 6, 2013\n" + " * _1.1_ June 15, 2013\n" + " * _1.2_ August 11, 2013\n"; Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw") .post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, postBody)) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }使用FormEncodingBuilder来构建和HTML标签相同效果的请求体,键值对将使用一种HTML兼容形式的URL编码来进行编码。
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { RequestBody formBody = new FormBody.Builder() .add("search", "Jurassic Park") .build(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php") .post(formBody) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }MultipartBody.Builder可以构建复杂的请求体,与HTML文件上传形式兼容。多块请求体中每块请求都是一个请求体,可以定义自己的请求头。这些请求头可以用来描述这块请求,例如它的Content-Disposition。如果Content-Length和Content-Type可用的话,他们会被自动添加到请求头中。
private static final String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "..."; private static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png"); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { // Use the imgur image upload API as documented at https://api.imgur.com/endpoints/image RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBody.Builder() .setType(MultipartBody.FORM) .addFormDataPart("title", "Square Logo") .addFormDataPart("image", "logo-square.png", RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png"))) .build(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID) .url("https://api.imgur.com/3/image") .post(requestBody) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }典型的HTTP头像是一个Map<String, String>每个字段都有一个或没有值,但是一些头允许多个值,像Guava的Multimap。 例如: HTTP响应里面提供的Vary响应头,就是多值的,OkHttp的api试图让这些情况都适用。 当写请求头的时候,使用header(name, value)可以设置唯一的name、value,如果已经有值,旧的将被移除,然后添加新的。使用addHeader(name, value)可以添加多值(添加, 不移除已有的)。 当读取响应头时,使用header(name)返回最后出现的name、value。 通常情况这也是唯一的name、value,如果没有值,那么header(name)将返回null。如果想读取字段对应的所有值,使用headers(name)会返回一个list。 为了获取所有的Header,Headers类支持按index访问。
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/repos/square/okhttp/issues") .header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Headers.java") .addHeader("Accept", "application/json; q=0.5") .addHeader("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json") .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println("Server: " + response.header("Server")); System.out.println("Date: " + response.header("Date")); System.out.println("Vary: " + response.headers("Vary")); }Gson是一个在JSON和Java对象之间转换非常方便的api库,这里我们用Gson来解析Github API的JSON响应。 注意:ResponseBody.charStream()使用响应头Content-Type指定的字符集来解析响应体,默认是UTF-8。
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); private final Gson gson = new Gson(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/gists/c2a7c39532239ff261be") .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); Gist gist = gson.fromJson(response.body().charStream(), Gist.class); for (Map.Entry<String, GistFile> entry : gist.files.entrySet()) { System.out.println(entry.getKey()); System.out.println(entry.getValue().content); } } static class Gist { Map<String, GistFile> files; } static class GistFile { String content; }为了缓存响应,你需要一个你可以读写的缓存目录,和缓存大小的限制。这个缓存目录应该是私有的,不信任的程序应不能读取缓存内容。 一个缓存目录同时拥有多个缓存访问是错误的,大多数程序只需要调用一次new OkHttp(),在第一次调用时配置好缓存,然后其他地方只需要调用这个实例就可以了,否则两个缓存示例互相干扰,破坏响应缓存,而且有可能会导致程序崩溃。 响应缓存使用HTTP头作为配置,你可以在请求头中添加Cache-Control:max-stale=3600,OkHttp缓存会支持,你的服务通过响应头确定响应缓存多长时间,例如使用Cache-Control:max-age=9600。
private final OkHttpClient client; public CacheResponse(File cacheDirectory) throws Exception { int cacheSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDirectory, cacheSize); client = new OkHttpClient(); client.setCache(cache); } public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt") .build(); Response response1 = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response1.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response1); String response1Body = response1.body().string(); System.out.println("Response 1 response:" + response1); System.out.println("Response 1 cache response:" + response1.cacheResponse()); System.out.println("Response 1 network response:" + response1.networkResponse()); Response response2 = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response2.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response2); String response2Body = response2.body().string(); System.out.println("Response 2 response:" + response2); System.out.println("Response 2 cache response:" + response2.cacheResponse()); System.out.println("Response 2 network response:" + response2.networkResponse()); System.out.println("Response 2 equals Response 1? " + response1Body.equals(response2Body)); }如果需要阻值response使用缓存,使用CacheControl.FORCE_NETWORK。 如果需要阻值response使用网络,使用CacheControl.FORCE_CACHE。 警告: 如果你使用FORCE_CACHE,但是response要求使用网络,OkHttp将会返回一个504 Unsatisfiable Request响应。
有些时候,比如用户刚刚点击刷新按钮,这时必须跳过缓存,直接从服务器抓取数据。为了强制全面刷新,我们需要添加no-cache指令:
connection.addRequestProperty("Cache-Control", "no-cache");这样就可以强制每次请求直接发送给源服务器,而不经过本地缓存版本的校验,常用于需要确认认证的应用和严格要求使用最新数据的应用。
有时你会想立即显示资源,这样即使在后台正下载着最新资源,你的客户端仍然可以先显示原有资源,毕竟有个东西显示比没有东西显示要好。如果需要限制让请求优先使用本地缓存资源,需要增加only-if-cached指令:
try { connection.addRequestProperty("Cache-Control", "only-if-cached"); InputStream cached = connection.getInputStream(); // the resource was cached! show it }catch (FileNotFoundException e) { // the resource was not cached }使用Call.cancel()可以立即停止掉一个正在执行的call,如果一个线程正在写请求或者读响应,将会引发IOException。当call没有必要的时候,使用这个api可以节约网络资源,例如当用户离开一个应用时,不管同步还是异步的call都可以取消。 你可以通过tags来同时取消多个请求,当你构建一请求时,使用RequestBuilder.tag(tag)来分配一个标签,之后你就可以用OkHttpClient.cancel(tag)来取消所有带有这个tag的call。
private final ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay. .build(); final long startNanos = System.nanoTime(); final Call call = client.newCall(request); // Schedule a job to cancel the call in 1 second. executor.schedule(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { System.out.printf("%.2f Canceling call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f); call.cancel(); System.out.printf("%.2f Canceled call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f); } }, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); try{ System.out.printf("%.2f Executing call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f); Response response = call.execute(); System.out.printf("%.2f Call was expected to fail, but completed: %s%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, response); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.printf("%.2f Call failed as expected: %s%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, e); } }没有响应时使用超时结束call,没有响应的原因可能是客户点链接问题、服务器可用性问题或者这之间的其他东西。OkHttp支持连接超时,读取超时和写入超时。
private final OkHttpClient client; public ConfigureTimeouts() throws Exception { client = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .writeTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .build(); } public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay. .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); System.out.println("Response completed: " + response); }使用OkHttpClient,所有的HTTP Client配置包括代理设置、超时设置、缓存设置。当你需要为单个call改变配置的时候,调用OkHttpClient.newBuilder(),这个api将会返回一个builder,这个builder和原始的client共享相同的连接池,分发器和配置。 下面的例子中,我们让一个请求是500ms的超时、另一个是3000ms的超时。
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/1") // This URL is served with a 1 second delay. .build(); try { // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request. OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder() .readTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) .build(); Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute(); System.out.println("Response 1 succeeded: " + response); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Response 1 failed: " + e); } try { // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request. OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder() .readTimeout(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) .build(); Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute(); System.out.println("Response 2 succeeded: " + response); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Response 2 failed: " + e); } }一次典型的访问场景是:
浏览器发送http请求(没有Authorization header);服务器端返回401页面;浏览器弹出认证对话框;用户输入帐号密码,并点确认;浏览器再次发出http请求(带着Authorization header);服务器端认证通过,并返回页面;浏览器显示页面OkHttp会自动重试未验证的请求,当响应是401 Not Authorized时,Authenticator会被要求提供证书。Authenticator的实现中需要建立一个新的包含证书的请求,如果没有证书可用,返回null来跳过尝试。 使用Response.challenges()来获得任何authentication challenges的 schemes 和 realms,当完成一个Basic challenge,使用Credentials.basic(username, password)来解码请求头。
private final OkHttpClient client; public Authenticate() { client = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .authenticator(new Authenticator() { @Override public Request authenticate(Route route, Response response) throws IOException { System.out.println("Authenticating for response: " + response); System.out.println("Challenges: " + response.challenges()); String credential = Credentials.basic("jesse", "password1"); return response.request().newBuilder() .header("Authorization", credential) .build(); } }) .build(); } public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/secrets/hellosecret.txt") .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }当认证无法工作时,为了避免多次重试,你可以返回空来放弃认证。例如:当exact credentials已经尝试过,你可能会直接想跳过认证,可以这样做:
if (credential.equals(response.request().header("Authorization"))) { return null; // If we already failed with these credentials, don't retry. }当重试次数超过定义的次数,你若想跳过认证,可以这样做:
if (responseCount(response) >= 3) { return null; // If we've failed 3 times, give up. } private int responseCount(Response response) { int result = 1; while ((response = response.priorResponse()) != null) { result++; } return result; }