linux启动init过程分析

xiaoxiao2021-02-28  102

init 进程号称天字一号进程,做系统的小伙伴应该都有了解。那么,这个一号进程是如何被启动的呢? 今天就来一起简单看看这个进程的前世今生。 因为目前运行Linux最多的就是ARM设备了,我们就基于Linux的master分支简单分析下ARM 32架构下的启动过程。 kernel的执行起点是stext函数,定义于arch/arm/kernel/head.S。我们就从这个函数开始看看init如何被启动的。

ENTRY(stext) ...... /*这里将__mmap_switched 函数的地址赋给了r13寄存器, 这个函数会在MMU被使能之后执行。 MMU是Memory Management Unit的缩写,中文名是内存管理单元, 同时也负责虚拟地址映射为物理地址,以及提供硬件机制的内存访问授权*/ ldr r13, =__mmap_switched @ address to jump to after @ mmu has been enabled badr lr, 1f @ return (PIC) address ...... /*接下来执行__enable_mmu 函数*/ 1: b __enable_mmu ENDPROC(stext)

下面来看__enable_mmu 函数做了什么

__enable_mmu: ...... /*主要调用了__turn_mmu_on 来打开MMU ,让CPU进入虚拟内存的运行阶段。*/ b __turn_mmu_on ENDPROC(__enable_mmu) ENTRY(__turn_mmu_on) ...... /*这里将r13保存的函数地址赋给PC指针,即IP寄存器。 RET指令的内部操作是:栈顶字单元出栈,其值赋给IP寄存器*/ mov r3, r13 ret r3 __turn_mmu_on_end: ENDPROC(__turn_mmu_on)

接下来就是运行__mmap_switched 方法的事情了。那我们就来看看__mmap_switched 是怎样的。这个方法位于arch/arm/kernel/head-common.S

__INIT __mmap_switched: ...... /*这么愉快地就要跳转到start_kernel 了,马上就进入了C的世界*/ b start_kernel ENDPROC(__mmap_switched)

start_kernel 位于init/main.c

asmlinkage __visible void __init start_kernel(void) { ...... /*start_kernel会进行一堆初始化的工作。最后通过rest_init来启动init进程*/ /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */ rest_init(); } static noinline void __ref rest_init(void) { struct task_struct *tsk; int pid; rcu_scheduler_starting(); //这里会先创建init进程,保证它的PID为1,不过会停下等待kthreadd的创建。 //kernel_init-》kernel_init_freeable-》wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done) //kthreadd进程由idle通过kernel_thread创建,并始终运行在内核空间, 负责所有内核线程的调度和管理 /* * We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however * the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if * we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS. */ pid = kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS); /* * Pin init on the boot CPU. Task migration is not properly working * until sched_init_smp() has been run. It will set the allowed * CPUs for init to the non isolated CPUs. */ rcu_read_lock(); tsk = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns); set_cpus_allowed_ptr(tsk, cpumask_of(smp_processor_id())); rcu_read_unlock(); //创建kthreadd,获取kthreadd线程信息,获取完成,说明创建成功 numa_default_policy(); pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES); rcu_read_lock(); kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns); rcu_read_unlock(); /* * Enable might_sleep() and smp_processor_id() checks. * They cannot be enabled earlier because with CONFIG_PRREMPT=y * kernel_thread() would trigger might_sleep() splats. With * CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY=y the init task might have scheduled * already, but it's stuck on the kthreadd_done completion. */ system_state = SYSTEM_SCHEDULING; //通知kernel_init kthreadd创建完成 complete(&kthreadd_done); /* * The boot idle thread must execute schedule() * at least once to get things moving: */ init_idle_bootup_task(current); schedule_preempt_disabled(); /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */ cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE); }

接下来看kernel_init如何启动init

static int __ref kernel_init(void *unused) { int ret; kernel_init_freeable(); /* 在释放内存前,必须完成所有的异步 __init 代码 need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */ async_synchronize_full(); //释放init内存 free_initmem(); mark_readonly(); system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING; //设置numa内存访问策略为默认, NUMA技术主要用于服务器 numa_default_policy(); rcu_end_inkernel_boot(); if (ramdisk_execute_command) { ret = run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command); if (!ret) return 0; pr_err("Failed to execute %s (error %d)\n", ramdisk_execute_command, ret); } //下面就是运行init程序了,会尝试所有可能的情况,包括init启动时候的参数,和各个目录下的init文件/sbin/init /etc/init等, 最终调用do_execve去执行init文件。 /* * We try each of these until one succeeds. * * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are * trying to recover a really broken machine. */ if (execute_command) { ret = run_init_process(execute_command); if (!ret) return 0; panic("Requested init %s failed (error %d).", execute_command, ret); } if (!try_to_run_init_process("/sbin/init") || !try_to_run_init_process("/etc/init") || !try_to_run_init_process("/bin/init") || !try_to_run_init_process("/bin/sh")) return 0; panic("No working init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. " "See Linux Documentation/admin-guide/init.rst for guidance."); }

就这样, init进程就被执行起来了。 不过到目前为止,init进程依然是一个内核进程,怎么变成用户空间进程的事情是在init程序里面实现的,这个每个不同的Linux发行版有不同的操作。不在本文讨论范围内。

完。

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