前几天微博推送关于grep原作者Mike Haertel的采访视频,突然觉得grep是一个很强大的工具,以前在使用Ubuntu的工程中,一直使用find,但是我最近在使用grep中,发现借助–help选项并不能很好的驾驭这个工具,我一直可以通过原命令提供Usage来学习某一个命令总是一项必要的能力,尤其在linux系统下编程,因为我已经懒的不想花费打开浏览器的时间。
习惯–help使用某一个工具,会使使用linux系统更加习惯,更加轻松。下来截取来自我的ubuntu系统上的grep使用说明:
Usage: grep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]... Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input. PATTERN is, by default, a basic regular expression (BRE). Example: grep -i 'hello world' menu.h main.c //-i 就是上面的[OPTION] //'hello world'就是PATTERN,也可以是使用"",其表达相同 //menu.h main.c就是上面的[file] Regexp selection and interpretation: -E, --extended-regexp PATTERN is an extended regular expression (ERE) -F, --fixed-strings PATTERN is a set of newline-separated strings -G, --basic-regexp PATTERN is a basic regular expression (BRE) -P, --perl-regexp PATTERN is a Perl regular expression -e, --regexp=PATTERN use PATTERN for matching -f, --file=FILE obtain PATTERN from FILE -i, --ignore-case ignore case distinctions -w, --word-regexp force PATTERN to match only whole words -x, --line-regexp force PATTERN to match only whole lines -z, --null-data a data line ends in 0 byte, not newline Miscellaneous: -s, --no-messages suppress error messages -v, --invert-match select non-matching lines -V, --version display version information and exit --help display this help text and exit Output control: -m, --max-count=NUM stop after NUM matches -b, --byte-offset print the byte offset with output lines -n, --line-number print line number with output lines --line-buffered flush output on every line -H, --with-filename print the file name for each match -h, --no-filename suppress the file name prefix on output --label=LABEL use LABEL as the standard input file name prefix -o, --only-matching show only the part of a line matching PATTERN -q, --quiet, --silent suppress all normal output --binary-files=TYPE assume that binary files are TYPE; TYPE is 'binary', 'text', or 'without-match' -a, --text equivalent to --binary-files=text -I equivalent to --binary-files=without-match -d, --directories=ACTION how to handle directories; ACTION is 'read', 'recurse', or 'skip' -D, --devices=ACTION how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets; ACTION is 'read' or 'skip' -r, --recursive like --directories=recurse -R, --dereference-recursive likewise, but follow all symlinks --include=FILE_PATTERN search only files that match FILE_PATTERN --exclude=FILE_PATTERN skip files and directories matching FILE_PATTERN --exclude-from=FILE skip files matching any file pattern from FILE --exclude-dir=PATTERN directories that match PATTERN will be skipped. -L, --files-without-match print only names of FILEs containing no match -l, --files-with-matches print only names of FILEs containing matches -c, --count print only a count of matching lines per FILE -T, --initial-tab make tabs line up (if needed) -Z, --null print 0 byte after FILE name Context control: -B, --before-context=NUM print NUM lines of leading context -A, --after-context=NUM print NUM lines of trailing context -C, --context=NUM print NUM lines of output context -NUM same as --context=NUM --color[=WHEN], --colour[=WHEN] use markers to highlight the matching strings; WHEN is 'always', 'never', or 'auto' -U, --binary do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS/Windows) -u, --unix-byte-offsets report offsets as if CRs were not there (MSDOS/Windows) 'egrep' means 'grep -E'. 'fgrep' means 'grep -F'. Direct invocation as either 'egrep' or 'fgrep' is deprecated. When FILE is -, read standard input. With no FILE, read . if a command-line -r is given, - otherwise. If fewer than two FILEs are given, assume -h. Exit status is 0 if any line is selected, 1 otherwise; if any error occurs and -q is not given, the exit status is 2.首先,需要说明的是上面的[option]在输入中的位置没有严格规定,可以放在紧挨着grep的后边,或者放到输入一长串命令的最后,其实现的功能基本相同。接下来挑选出几个加以说明:
-v, –invert-match select non-matching lines 在Miscellaneous中其他两个选项比较好理解,比较正常。这个选项就是使用grep打印出剩下不匹配的行,大致就是除去有匹配字符行以后剩下的。
-e, –regexp=PATTERN use PATTERN for matching 其实观看Usage: grep [OPTION]… PATTERN [FILE]…太模糊了,[OPTION]后边又加了三个…实在让人捉摸不透,如果我没有理解错的话PATTERN就是我想要寻找的字符,但是不能连续出现:grep [option] “xxx” “yyy”这种形式,按照上面的Usage,grep将会把第二个”yyy”当做[FILE]来使用,那么肯定会出错。首先来看看-e:
-e, --regexp=PATTERN use PATTERN for matching-e的用法与其他的可能有所不同,需要多次出现,其他的选项的出现的次数基本都是一次,简而言之,就是一个-e后边跟一个PATTERN,例如,可以写成一下形式:
grep -e "hello" -e "world" hello.c hello.h-n, –line-number print line number with output lines 打印出匹配的行在原原文件中的行数。
-r, –recursive like –directories=recurse 递归遍历[FILE],当然前提是FILE是一个文件夹的名字(包括可以使用..或者.),其位置可在前面也可在最后。
–color[=WHEN] 可放在命令行的最后,用于高亮显示搜索的PATTERN在输出的文本中,可以使用如下:
grep -r "hello" . --color=auto (递归遍历当前文件下所有文件中的hello,并打印出匹配的行,并高亮显示hello)