第7课 Hbase 使用教程

xiaoxiao2021-02-28  28

声明:

本文基于Centos 6.x + CDH 5.x 本例中 Hbase 是安装成集群模式的本文通过建立student表等相关操作,简单介绍一下hbase的shell操作

建立student 表

使用 hbase shell命令进入hbase的命令行 [plain]  view plain  copy [root@localhost conf]# hbase shell  2014-08-22 16:10:47,662 INFO  [main] Configuration.deprecation: hadoop.native.lib is deprecated. Instead, use io.native.lib.available  HBase Shell; enter 'help<RETURN>' for list of supported commands.  Type "exit<RETURN>" to leave the HBase Shell  Version 0.96.1.1-cdh5.0.1, rUnknown, Tue May  6 13:27:24 PDT 2014   然后用 create建立一个表,我们建立的表有如下属性 表名: student 列簇:sid, name, age

什么是列簇?

Hbase是面向列存储的数据库。Hbase中数据列是由列簇来组织的。一个列簇相当于你在mysql中这个表的多个列定义的总和。但是特别的是,一个表可以对多个列簇。具体列簇里面有哪些列是开始时不用指定的。暂时只需要知道这么多,等做了以后慢慢去理解消化,我们学习的时候一定要掌握方法,先做再想为什么这么做,是最高效的学习方式。

为什么要有列簇?

在同一个列簇中的列是存放在一个实例上的。所以对于列簇的理解我的猜测是这样的,刚开始可能没有列簇。虽然nosql是不用定义列的,但是由于我们的hadoop是分布式的,肯定会有一些列在这台机子上,有一些列在那些机子上,为了性能问题,需要弄出一个算法来把一些经常在一起使用的列放到一台机子上,最简单的算法就是由用户自己去定,这就产生了列簇,也就是列的集合,在同一个列簇中的列都在一个机子上。 说完了概念,我们来建立一下这个表 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):001:0> create 'student', 'info'  0 row(s) in 4.3300 seconds    => Hbase::Table - student  

增加数据

使用put增加一行,这里说的一行意思是:一个表的一个列簇中的一个行,在mysql中就相当于只增加 一行中的一列 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):002:0> put 'student','row1','info:name','jack'  0 row(s) in 0.1990 seconds   意思是往 student 的 name 列中插入一个值 jack 我们查一下这条数据 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):003:0> get 'student','row1','info:name'  COLUMN                        CELL                                                                                  info:name                    timestamp=1408697225683, value=jack                                                  1 row(s) in 0.0490 seconds   查出来了。 怎么样?是不是感觉这么费劲才插入了一个行的一个列?这是以为hbase是基于google的工程师 Fay Chang (应该是个华裔) 的关于bigtable的论坛写的,而bigtable就是拥有超大列数的表格,大到什么程度?大到一台电脑放不下了,必须用多台电脑分布式的存放,才能放的下,所以数据的操作都是以一行一列为最小单位的。 这个row1 是rowkey

rowkey

行以rowkey作为唯一标示。Rowkey是一段字节数组,这意味着,任何东西都可以保存进去,例如字符串、或者数字。行是按字典的排序由低到高存储在表中 我们继续插入这行别的列 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):004:0> put 'student','row1','info:sid','1'  0 row(s) in 0.0200 seconds    hbase(main):005:0> put 'student','row1','info:age','22'  0 row(s) in 0.0210 seconds   然后我们用scan命令查询一下整个表 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):006:0> scan 'student'  ROW                           COLUMN+CELL                                                                           row1                         column=info:age, timestamp=1408697651322, value=22                                    row1                         column=info:name, timestamp=1408697225683, value=jack                                 row1                         column=info:sid, timestamp=1408697640490, value=1                                    1 row(s) in 0.0580 seconds   可以看到有三条记录,但是都是一个row里面的,这个row才是相当于mysql的一行 继续插入别的记录,最终结果是这样 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):005:0> scan 'student'  ROW                              COLUMN+CELL                                                                                     row1                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817226790, value=22                                              row1                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817205836, value=jack                                           row1                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817219869, value=1                                               row2                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817278346, value=28                                              row2                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817252182, value=terry                                          row2                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817267780, value=2                                               row3                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817315351, value=18                                              row3                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817294342, value=billy                                          row3                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817304621, value=3                                               row4                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420858768667, value=karry                                          row4                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420858794556, value=4                                              4 row(s) in 1.0990 seconds  

命令介绍

有了基础数据我们就可以通过一边操作一边学习hbase的命令了,比如上个例子我们学习到了一个新的命令  scan

scan 查询数据表

scan命令如果不带任何参数相当于sql中的 select * from table

Limit 查询后显示的条数

用limit可以限制查询的条数 [plain]  view plain  copy scan 'student',{'LIMIT'=>2}   效果如下 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):006:0> scan 'student',{'LIMIT'=>2}  ROW                              COLUMN+CELL                                                                                     row1                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817226790, value=22                                              row1                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817205836, value=jack                                           row1                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817219869, value=1                                               row2                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817278346, value=28                                              row2                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817252182, value=terry                                          row2                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817267780, value=2                                              2 row(s) in 0.8250 seconds  

STARTROW 起点rowkey

用startrow可以定义查询返回结果的起点rowkey,相当于大于等于,比如 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):007:0> scan 'student',{'STARTROW'=>'row2'}  ROW                              COLUMN+CELL                                                                                     row2                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817278346, value=28                                              row2                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817252182, value=terry                                          row2                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817267780, value=2                                               row3                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817315351, value=18                                              row3                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817294342, value=billy                                          row3                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817304621, value=3                                               row4                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420858768667, value=karry                                          row4                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420858794556, value=4   STARTROW 可以使用通配符,比如 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):008:0> scan 'student',{'STARTROW'=>'row*'}  ROW                              COLUMN+CELL                                                                                     row1                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817226790, value=22                                              row1                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817205836, value=jack                                           row1                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817219869, value=1                                               row2                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817278346, value=28                                              row2                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817252182, value=terry                                          row2                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817267780, value=2                                               row3                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817315351, value=18                                              row3                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817294342, value=billy                                          row3                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817304621, value=3                                               row4                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420858768667, value=karry                                          row4                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420858794556, value=4                                              4 row(s) in 0.2830 seconds   多个参数可以同时使用,比如我要查询startrow = row2 并且只返回一条 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):009:0> scan 'student',{'STARTROW'=>'row2','LIMIT'=>1}  ROW                              COLUMN+CELL                                                                                     row2                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817278346, value=28                                              row2                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817252182, value=terry                                          row2                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817267780, value=2                                              1 row(s) in 0.1890 seconds  

STOPROW 定义查询的结束rowkey

跟startrow类似,同上

COLUMNS 控制返回的字段列表

就相当于sql中的 select xx,xxx,xxx  from 这里面的列定义。比如我只需要查询所有学生的名字和年龄,不需要sid信息 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):011:0> scan 'student',{'COLUMNS'=>['info:name','info:age'],LIMIT=>3}  ROW                              COLUMN+CELL                                                                                     row1                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817226790, value=22                                              row1                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817205836, value=jack                                           row2                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817278346, value=28                                              row2                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817252182, value=terry                                          row3                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817315351, value=18                                              row3                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817294342, value=billy                                         3 row(s) in 0.4470 seconds   注意写列名的时候要记得带上列簇!比如 info:name

TIMESTAMP 使用时间来精确定位数据

timestamp可以精确的指定某一条记录 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):012:0> scan 'student',{'TIMESTAMP'=>1420817315351}  ROW                              COLUMN+CELL                                                                                     row3                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817315351, value=18                                             1 row(s) in 0.1920 seconds  

get 获取一行数据

用get可以只获取一行数据 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):073:0> get 'student','row1'  COLUMN                           CELL                                                                                            info:age                        timestamp=1420817226790, value=22                                                               info:name                       timestamp=1420817205836, value=jack                                                             info:sid                        timestamp=1420817219869, value=1                                                               3 row(s) in 0.1730 seconds   可以跟上更复杂的参数 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):076:0> get 'student','row1',{COLUMN=>['info:name','info:sid']}  COLUMN                           CELL                                                                                            info:name                       timestamp=1420817205836, value=jack                                                             info:sid                        timestamp=1420817219869, value=1                                                               2 row(s) in 0.0490 seconds    hbase(main):077:0> get 'student','row1',{COLUMN=>['info:name','info:sid'],TIMESTAMP=>1420817219869,VERSION=>1}  COLUMN                           CELL                                                                                            info:sid                        timestamp=1420817219869, value=1                                                               1 row(s) in 0.0740 seconds  

describe 查看表信息

describe 可以查看表的信息,这个命令会常常用到 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):013:0> describe 'student'  DESCRIPTION                                                                       ENABLED                                        'student', {NAME => 'info', DATA_BLOCK_ENCODING => 'NONE', BLOOMFILTER => 'ROW', true                                            REPLICATION_SCOPE => '0', VERSIONS => '1', COMPRESSION => 'NONE', MIN_VERSIONS                                                 => '0', TTL => 'FOREVER', KEEP_DELETED_CELLS => 'false', BLOCKSIZE => '65536', I                                                N_MEMORY => 'false', BLOCKCACHE => 'true'}                                                                                     1 row(s) in 7.6720 seconds  

alter 修改表的列簇

用alter可以修改表的列簇,hbase的一个表其实全部信息就是列簇的信息了,比如我们可以增加一个列簇f2 [plain]  view plain  copy alter 'student', {NAME => 'f2', VERSION => 2}   这个VERSION官方说是每个字段可以有2个版本,就是一个行的一个列元素可以存成两个值,拥有不同的version 添加完再看下表结构 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):057:0> describe 'student'  DESCRIPTION                                                                       ENABLED                                        'student', {NAME => 'f2', DATA_BLOCK_ENCODING => 'NONE', BLOOMFILTER => 'ROW', R true                                           EPLICATION_SCOPE => '0', COMPRESSION => 'NONE', VERSIONS => '1', TTL => 'FOREVER                                                ', MIN_VERSIONS => '0', KEEP_DELETED_CELLS => 'false', BLOCKSIZE => '65536', IN_                                                MEMORY => 'false', BLOCKCACHE => 'true'}, {NAME => 'info', DATA_BLOCK_ENCODING =                                                > 'NONE', BLOOMFILTER => 'ROW', REPLICATION_SCOPE => '0', VERSIONS => '1', COMPR                                                ESSION => 'NONE', MIN_VERSIONS => '0', TTL => 'FOREVER', KEEP_DELETED_CELLS => '                                                false', BLOCKSIZE => '65536', IN_MEMORY => 'false', BLOCKCACHE => 'true'}                                                      1 row(s) in 0.6180 seconds   可以看到有两个列簇,一个是f2,一个是info

用 TTL 控制表的数据自动过期

不过我这边用一个比较实用的例子来教大家操作alter:在实际生产环境上经常需要给表增加过期时间,方便表自动清理早期的数据,防止数据过多,毕竟能用hadoop的环境数据量那都是“海量”  现在我把f2这个列簇的TTL修改为20秒 [plain]  view plain  copy alter 'student', {NAME => 'f2', TTL => 20}   然后再看下表信息 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):061:0> describe 'student'  DESCRIPTION                                                                       ENABLED                                        'student', {NAME => 'f2', DATA_BLOCK_ENCODING => 'NONE', BLOOMFILTER => 'ROW', R true                                           EPLICATION_SCOPE => '0', COMPRESSION => 'NONE', VERSIONS => '1', TTL => '20 SECO                                                NDS', MIN_VERSIONS => '0', KEEP_DELETED_CELLS => 'false', BLOCKSIZE => '65536',                                                 IN_MEMORY => 'false', BLOCKCACHE => 'true'}, {NAME => 'info', DATA_BLOCK_ENCODIN                                                G => 'NONE', BLOOMFILTER => 'ROW', REPLICATION_SCOPE => '0', VERSIONS => '1', CO                                                MPRESSION => 'NONE', MIN_VERSIONS => '0', TTL => 'FOREVER', KEEP_DELETED_CELLS =                                                > 'false', BLOCKSIZE => '65536', IN_MEMORY => 'false', BLOCKCACHE => 'true'}                                                   1 row(s) in 0.1540 seconds   可以看到f2的 TTL 被设置为20 seconds。 然后我们测试一下添加一个记录到f2去,然后等20秒再去看下 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):065:0> put 'student','row3','f2:grade','2'  0 row(s) in 0.0650 seconds    hbase(main):066:0> scan 'student',{STARTROW=>'row3',LIMIT=>1}  ROW                              COLUMN+CELL                                                                                     row3                            column=f2:grade, timestamp=1420872179176, value=2                                               row3                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817315351, value=18                                              row3                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817294342, value=billy                                          row3                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817304621, value=3                                              1 row(s) in 0.0630 seconds    hbase(main):067:0> scan 'student',{STARTROW=>'row3',LIMIT=>1}  ROW                              COLUMN+CELL                                                                                     row3                            column=info:age, timestamp=1420817315351, value=18                                              row3                            column=info:name, timestamp=1420817294342, value=billy                                          row3                            column=info:sid, timestamp=1420817304621, value=3                                              1 row(s) in 0.1370 seconds   会看到刚添加进去的时候row2还有 f2:grade的数据,但是过了一会儿去看就没了

使用alter删除列簇

使用alter删除列簇的操作是带上一个METHOD参数,并写值为 delete [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):068:0> alter 'student', {NAME => 'f2', METHOD=>'delete'}  Updating all regions with the new schema...  0/1 regions updated.  1/1 regions updated.  Done.  0 row(s) in 3.9750 seconds    hbase(main):069:0> describe 'student'  DESCRIPTION                                                                       ENABLED                                        'student', {NAME => 'info', DATA_BLOCK_ENCODING => 'NONE', BLOOMFILTER => 'ROW', true                                            REPLICATION_SCOPE => '0', VERSIONS => '1', COMPRESSION => 'NONE', MIN_VERSIONS                                                 => '0', TTL => 'FOREVER', KEEP_DELETED_CELLS => 'false', BLOCKSIZE => '65536', I                                                N_MEMORY => 'false', BLOCKCACHE => 'true'}                                                                                     1 row(s) in 0.2210 seconds  

count 统计表中的数据

跟传统的关系型数据库不一样,这个命令可能会执行很久 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):082:0> count 'student'  4 row(s) in 0.6410 seconds    => 4   这个命令还有一个很奇怪的功能,就是在统计的时候可以每隔X行显示一下数据的rowkey,可能是方便统计的时候看下统计到哪里了,比如我分别用间隔2行跟间隔1行做了实验 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):083:0> count 'student',2  Current count: 2, row: row2                                                                                                     Current count: 4, row: row4                                                                                                     4 row(s) in 0.0480 seconds    => 4  hbase(main):084:0> count 'student',1  Current count: 1, row: row1                                                                                                     Current count: 2, row: row2                                                                                                     Current count: 3, row: row3                                                                                                     Current count: 4, row: row4                                                                                                     4 row(s) in 0.0650 seconds    => 4  

list 查看数据库中的所有表

用list可以列出当前hbase中的所有表 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):079:0> list  TABLE                                                                                                                           employee                                                                                                                        employee2                                                                                                                       student                                                                                                                         3 row(s) in 0.2020 seconds    => ["employee", "employee2", "student"]  

status 命令

查询服务状态 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):013:0> status  1 servers, 0 dead, 3.0000 average load   [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):070:0> list  TABLE                                                                                                                           employee                                                                                                                        employee2                                                                                                                       student                                                                                                                         3 row(s) in 0.6380 seconds    => ["employee", "employee2", "student"]  

version 

查询版本号

whoami

看连接用户 [javascript]  view plain  copy hbase(main):014:0> whoami  root (auth:SIMPLE)  

truncate 快速清除数据

跟一般数据库中的truncate不太一样,如果你执行 truncate,hbase就是帮你把表停掉,删掉再重建一次,只是这个动作不用你手动做了而已 [plain]  view plain  copy hbase(main):086:0> truncate 'student'  Truncating 'student' table (it may take a while):   - Disabling table...   - Dropping table...   - Creating table...  0 row(s) in 4.6330 seconds   主要的命令就介绍到这里,更详细的命令参考 http://wiki.apache.org/hadoop/Hbase/Shell

参考资料

http://wiki.apache.org/hadoop/Hbase/Shell
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