df <= blkid < cat /proc/partitions < fdisk -l df ##查看系统正在使用的设备 blkid ##查看系统里面可以使用的设备 cat /proc/partitions ##查看系统识别的设备 fdisk -l ##查看硬盘 df -h ##2的n次方，1024 df -H ##10的n次方 1000 -h比-H统计出来的数小，但是精确
在真机里做以下实验：
先插入U盘，用df查看有/dev/sdb1 –>u盘
[root@foundation68 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1/ ##卸载u盘 [root@foundation68 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/ ##将u盘挂载到/mnt下 [root@foundation68 ~]# cd /mnt再打开一个shell
[root@foundation68 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1/ ##卸载u盘 [root@foundation68 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/ ##将u盘挂载到/mnt下 [root@foundation68 ~]# cd /mnt 另开一个shell [root@foundation68 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1/ umount: /mnt: target is busy. ##u盘正在运行，卸载不掉 (In some cases useful info about processes that use the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1)) [root@foundation28 ~]# fuser -kvm /dev/sdb1/ ##杀死后台运行 USER PID ACCESS COMMAND /dev/sdb1: root kernel mount /mnt root 9277 ..c.. bash [root@foundation68 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1 ##现在就可以卸载了切换到第一个shell [root@foundation68 mnt]# Killed ##进程已经被杀死
[root@foundation68 ~]# fuser -vm /dev/sdb1/ ##查看 USER PID ACCESS COMMAND /dev/sdb1: root kernel mount /run/media/kiosk/00A4-2CBF指定设备激活或更改
[root@foundation68 ~]# mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt/ ##mount -o添加参数 [root@foundation68 ~]# touch /mnt/file1 touch: cannot touch ‘/mnt/file1’: Read-only file system用mount查看为ro不能建立文件只读
[root@foundation68 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1 [root@foundation68 ~]# mount -o rw /dev/sdb1 /mnt/用mount查看为rw可以建立文件为可写
以下实验步骤需在虚拟机server里完成：
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb ####打开划分分区界面 Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Device does not contain a recognized partition table Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x55916b15. Command (m for help): m ####获得帮助 Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition ##删除分区 g create a new empty GPT partition table G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition ##新建分区 o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table ##显示分区表信息 q quit without saving changes ##退出 s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id ##修改分区id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit ##将当前操作写入硬盘分区表 x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help): n ##创建分区 Partition type: ##创建分区类型 p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) ##主分区 e extended ##扩展分区 Select (default p): p Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 ##确定主分区id First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ##分区起始块的位置，默认 Using default value 2048 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M ##分区结束位置，用+大小的方式指定 Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set重复以上步骤到第四个分区：
Command (m for help): n Partition type: p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free) e extended Select (default e): ##显示分区表信息 Using default response e Selected partition 4 First sector (616448-20971519, default 616448): ##默认回车 Using default value 616448 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-20971519, default 20971519): ##默认回车 Using default value 20971519 Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 9.7 GiB is set Command (m for help): p ##显示分区表信息 Command (m for help): wq ##保存分区策略并退出fdisk界面 [root@localhost ~]# partprobe ##手动同步分区列表 [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions ##查看设备是否被系统识别格式化挂载：
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/ ##无法挂载 [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 ##格式化设备，在设备上安装文件系统xfs [root@localhost ~]# blkid ##查看可用设备，并且可以看到被格式化的 [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/ ##可以挂载/dev/vdb1 [root@localhost ~]# df ##查看/dev/vdb1被挂载注意：不能格式化/dev/vdb4，它是一个容器，否则整个硬盘将缺少更多空间使用。
解决一个分区不能超过2tb
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb ##进入分区删除 Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): d ##删除1-4的硬盘 Partition number (1-4, default 4): 1 Partition 1 is deleted Command (m for help): d Partition number (2-4, default 4): 2 Partition 2 is deleted Command (m for help): d Partition number (3,4, default 4): 3 Partition 3 is deleted Command (m for help): d Selected partition 4 Partition 4 is deleted Command (m for help):wq [root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt ##解除挂载，不然会有报错 [root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/vdb GNU Parted 3.1 Using /dev/vdb Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted)mklabel ##更改分区方式 New disk label type? ##分区类型 aix amiga bsd dvh gpt loop mac msdos pc98 sun New disk label type? gpt Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/vdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue? Yes/No? yes (parted)quit ##退出保存 Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab. [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: gpt ##出来gpt说明更改分区方式成功 [root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion. Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): n Partition number (1-128, default 1): 1 First sector (34-20971486, default 2048): ##默认回车 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971486, default 20971486): +100M Created partition 1 Command (m for help): n Partition number (2-128, default 2): 2 First sector (34-20971486, default 206848): ##默认回车 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (206848-20971486, default 20971486): +100M Created partition 2 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: gpt # Start End Size Type Name 1 2048 206847 100M Linux filesyste 2 206848 411647 100M Linux filesyste Command (m for help): wq The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.再转换到dos分区方式：
[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/vdb [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l Disk label type: dos ##类型更改为dos永久挂载硬盘： 先用df看有没有挂载，有的话需要先卸载
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab ##编写挂载文件 写入：/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0 [root@localhost ~]# mount -a ##自动全部挂载 [root@localhost ~]# df
删除/dev/vdb2
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab ##删除里面/dev/vdb2的永久挂载 [root@localhost ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb2 ##关闭/dev/vdb2 [root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb Command (m for help): d Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2 ##删除 [root@localhost ~]# partprobe [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux开机自动加密挂载：
[root@localhost ~]# vim /root/diskpass ##westos2018 添加密码钥匙 [root@localhost ~]# chmod 600 /root/diskpass ##给权限 [root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/vdb1 /root/diskpass ##将加密钥匙给/dev/vdb1 Enter any passphrase: [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/crypttab ##写入：dmf /dev/vdb1 /root/diskpass [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab ##删除之前写的 写入：/dev/mapper/dmf /mnt xfs defaults 0 0 [root@localhost ~]# df ##查看此时没有挂载上 [root@localhost ~]# reboot ##重启 [root@localhost ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/vda1 10473900 3731544 6742356 36% / devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev tmpfs 484932 80 484852 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 484932 12760 472172 3% /run tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/dmf 1018540 32928 985612 4% /mnt ##开机后自动挂载 [root@localhost ~]# cat /var/log/boot.log ##重启后界面的解码过程 [ OK ] Found device /dev/mapper/dmf. Mounting /mnt... [ OK ] Mounted /mnt.
加密清除
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab ##删除写入的东西 [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/crypttab ##删除写入的东西 [root@localhost ~]# rm -fr /root/diskpass [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 mkfs.xfs: cannot open /dev/vdb1: Device or resource busy ##出现这种情况说明没有卸载 [root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt [root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup close dmf ##关闭磁盘加密 [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 -f ##强行格式化注意： 1.每次实验的时候要先用df查看是否挂载，以免实验出错 2.编写脚本一定要认真，不然会出现很多问题 3.设置密码时，密码要大于8个字节，密码强度要高一些
[root@localhost ~]# watch -n 1 cat /proc/mdstat ##监控
再连接一个shell
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/vdb{1..3} ##制作双磁盘一个闲置 ##-C 创建/dev/md0；-a如果/dev/md0不存在，自动建立；-l 1 给它一个级别；-n 2 有两块设备；-x 1 读的快） [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md0 [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md0 /mnt [root@localhost ~]# df [root@localhost ~]# df -H
设备管理
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 ##查看raid状态 [root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/vdb2 ##损坏硬盘 mdadm: set /dev/vdb2 faulty in /dev/md0 [root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/vdb2 ##删除指定硬盘 [root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 [root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/vdb2 ##添加指定硬盘 [root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0设备删除
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt [root@localhost ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md0 ##停止使用 [root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb ##删除分区 d 1 [root@localhost ~]# partprobe总结： 1.需要格式化/dev/md0 2.创建三个分区，分区标示要为raid 3.对比损坏硬盘和添加硬盘的个数
